Then, to monitor deacetylase activity the pre-mixed HDAC-Glo? reagents (25L) was added to each well (50 L total volume) and incubated for 30C45 min at room temperature without rocking
Then, to monitor deacetylase activity the pre-mixed HDAC-Glo? reagents (25L) was added to each well (50 L total volume) and incubated for 30C45 min at room temperature without rocking. cytotoxic largazole analogue not made up of a thiazoline ring. The elimination of a chiral center derived from the unnatural amino acid R–methylcysteine makes the molecule more amenable to chemical synthesis and, coupled with its increased class I selectivity, 7 could serve as a new lead ACTN1 compound for developing selective largazole analogues. Graphical Abstract INTRODUCTION Epigenetics is defined as heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence itself.1 Epigenetic gene regulation includes DNA methylation and histone modifications, and non-coding RNA. This method of gene regulation is a vital part of normal development and cellular and tissue differentiation. Like many normal cellular processes, epigenetic regulation can become dysregulated in disease says. In cancer, aberrant silencing of tumor suppressor MSX-130 genes is a hallmark of tumorigenesis.2 Since epigenetic regulation of genes does not change the DNA sequence, these aberrant changes can be targeted pharmacologically and reversed. Histone modification as mentioned above is usually one mode of epigenetic regulation. Modification of histones lysine residues include: methylation, acetylation and phosphorylation, which contribute to regulation of gene transcription.3 Histone acetylation/deacetylation is one method of epigenetic regulation, which has been of interest to target pharmacologically. Acetylation and deacetylation of histones are controlled by two enzyme families; the histone acetyl transferases (HAT), which transfer acetyl groups from coenzyme A to lysine residues on histones and the histone deacetylases (HDAC), which catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from histone lysine residues. In general, acetylation of histones is usually associated with active transcriptionally qualified euchromatin regions, while hypoacetylated histones mark transcriptionally inactive heterochromatic regions.4 In cancer, aberrant gene silencing is associated with histone hypoacetylation and in some cases over-expression of HDAC proteins. Inhibition of HDAC proteins in some cancers could reactivate the silenced tumor suppresser genes and inhibit the growth of tumors.5 Therefore, HDAC inhibitors have become a promising area of research in the development of selective drugs for the treatment of cancer. HDAC inhibitors can block tumor cell proliferation by inducing cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and/or apoptosis.6 Many nonhistone proteins are also substrates for HDAC thus underscoring their role in cellular process besides transcriptional regulation and their therapeutic potential in other non-cancer pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and immune/inflammatory disorders. 7C10 There are currently four HDAC inhibitors approved by the FDA for clinical use; suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) 1 (Figure 1) approved by the FDA in 2006 for the treatment of cutaneous manifestations of T-cell lymphoma,11 FK228 2, approved in 2009 2009 for the same disorder,12 belinostat 3 approved in July 2014 for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, 13 and very recently approved panobinostat 4 for the treatment of multiple myeloma.14 There are at least 18 different isoforms of HDAC proteins belonging to four classes found in humans; the inhibitors FDA approved for cancer treatment to date all target either class 1 and/or MSX-130 class 2 HDAC enzymes.15 SAHA, belinostat and panobinostat target class I and II HDACS, whereas FK228 is a class-I selective HDAC inhibitor. Selective HDAC inhibitors are warranted primarily to reduce side effects, target other disorders, and to probe the still not well understood physiological and pathological roles of different HDAC isoforms.16 The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of HDAC inhibitors have revealed three essential domains required for a small molecule to act as an HDAC inhibitor; a zinc binding group which interacts with the zinc ion in the active site and precludes it from catalyzing the deacetylation process, a linker group, and a surface recognition cap group, which interacts with the hydrophobic residues on the rim of the active site.17 Open in a separate window Figure 1 HDAC inhibitors and their pharmacophore. Largazole 5 is a natural product isolated in 2008 from a marine MSX-130 cyanobacterium of the genus collected from Key Largo in MSX-130 Florida. Biological assays showed that largazole possesses potent growth inhibitory activity on several cancer cell lines and its effect on other disorders such.